Stanisław Żółkiewski: Between Military Service and Private Interests

On the night from 6 to 7 October 1620, a seventy-three-year-old Crown Grand Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski perished on the battlefield in the last act of a drama that had begun a month prior. At the beginning of September, amid growing political tensions between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, the Hetman entered Moldavia –…


Saint Andrew Bobola: Soul hunter and holy choleric

He was quick-tempered, stubborn and uncompromising. An outstanding preacher who spoke about faith when others were fearful. Years later, the Vatican recognized that in the history of the Church “there had not been a second such cruel case of martyrdom.”. by Jan Hlebowicz   Although the Chmielnicki Uprising had ended three years earlier, the Zaporozhian…


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