The start of a common fight: Czechs and Slovaks at the Polish Army’s side in September 1939

On the morning of 15 March 1939, German troops entered the western parts of Czecho-Slovakia, beginning the country’ s occupation. The next day, Hitler arrived in Prague and announced the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia “under the protection” of the Third Reich. As a result of German pressure, Slovakia declared state sovereignty…


Like a Phoenix from the Ashes

The former seat of Masovian dukes and Polish-Lithuanian monarchs has remained a symbol of Polish statehood for centuries. It was the venue of parliamentary sessions and witnessed triumphs (such as the homage paid to King Sigismund III by the Russian Tsar taken prisoner), but also shameful events, such as the consent of corrupt and intimidated…


Johannes Hevelius: via beer, on to the stars

He was a Gdańsk patrician and councillor who, thanks to his income from beer production, was able to conduct groundbreaking observations of space. He was one of the most eminent astronomers of 17th-century Europe and the creator of scientific knowledge of the Moon. by Jan Hlebowicz   Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687) was born and grew up…


Bronisław Geremek: from history to politics

Bronisław Geremek was a man of many passions: history and politics were the most important among them. His political achievements are much more noticeable because of their social impact and significance for the Polish state. Geremek embodied the successes of the foreign policy of post-1989 Poland: the country’s accession to NATO and the European Union….


'We Demand the Truth about Katyn!'

Recalling the Katyn Massacre was an important aspect of the activities of the democratic opposition in the Polish People’s Republic (PRL), one of the reasons being the subject’s high importance for society back then. by Grzegorz Majchrzak   This is best exemplified by the fact that a booklet by Ryszard Zieliński entitled ‘Katyń’ was the…


Sejmik records: transcripts of political life

One of the tasks of historians (at least those who have learned the principles of modern scientific techniques) is to search for sources, and to subject those already found to critical appraisal. However, won’t the resources of unknown documents be exhausted one day? Fortunately, not only is the number of documents increasing (and archives make…


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