Robert Kostro: Why couldn’t Jan Karski stop the Holocaust?

In May 1943, a moving scene took place at the Polish embassy in Washington. A 29-year-old man, speaking English with a strong accent and recently arrived in the West from occupied Poland, was meeting with 61-year-old Felix Frankfurter, an American Jew and a US Supreme Court judge, in the company of Ambassador Jan Ciechanowski. The…



Marie Leszczyńska: a Polish noblewoman and Queen of France

It was a type of competition, not to say casting, for a wife for the King of France. The list consisted of one hundred princesses. Brief comments on age, religion and origin were written next to each of the candidates. by Maciej Forycki   In 1725 Marie Leszczyńska, hailing from a Polish noble family, became…


Palmiry and the destruction of the Polish elite

It is worthwhile noting the above mentioned group – the Polish leadership elite – as its fate reveals the objectives of Nazi-Germany’s occupation policy in Poland. Before the outbreak of war, the German authorities began to plan the extermination of a broadly defined Polish leadership elite. Although generally referred to as the intelligentsia, with education…


Roman Ingarden: thinking at your own risk

Roman Ingarden’s life path is easier to present than his intellectual achievements […]. From the beginning, he set himself very ambitious goals: he intended to combine his interests with studying mathematics, physics and biology, in order to reach the essence of reality.  by Wojciech Stanisławski Polish philosopher Roman Ingarden, who died half a century ago on…


The birth of local democracy in Poland

The 1989 revolution created an opportunity for the resurgence of a democratic state in Poland. That is why the elections for local authorities that were held on 27 May 1990 were so important. It was a first step on the road to rebuilding democracy on a local level after nearly half a century of Communist…


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